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Sitecore versions: tested with 5.3.0.

The Problem:

Our code needs to list all Users which belong to a specific Role.

1.  The Solution

Use the Sitecore.SecurityModel.UserItem.IsInRole() method to check a given User.

// select a Role and list all Users of the Role
private void GetUsersByRole(Sitecore.SecurityModel.RoleItem role)
{
         // retrieve the appropriate security database
         Database dbSecurity = Sitecore.Configuration.Factory.GetDatabase("security");
         Sitecore.SecurityModel.UserItem[] users = this.GetUsers(dbSecurity);

         Response.Write("<hr />All users from the " + role.Name + " role: <br />");

         foreach(Sitecore.SecurityModel.UserItem ui in users)
         {
            // check whether the current User is in the given Role
            if (ui.IsInRole(role.ID))
            {
               Response.Write(ui.Name + "<br />");
            }
         }
      }

// list all the Database security Users.
private Sitecore.SecurityModel.UserItem[] GetUsers(Sitecore.Data.Database db)
      {
         // create a query that will handle the User retrieval
         // here we simply rely on the User's Template ID
         string query = "//*[@@templateid='" + Sitecore.TemplateIDs.User + "']";

         Sitecore.Data.Items.Item[] items = db.SelectItems(query);

         Sitecore.SecurityModel.UserItem[] users = new Sitecore.SecurityModel.UserItem[items.Length];

         for (int i = 0; i < users.Length; i++)
         {
            users[i] = new Sitecore.SecurityModel.UserItem(items[i], Sitecore.Context.Domain);
         }

         return users;
      }